In the late twelfth century, states that had been formed in Hungary and Russia by powerful individual rulers began to fragment because, compared to England and France, they lacked

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Clear mechanisms for royal succession were crucial for maintaining the stability and continuity of a state. In the late twelfth century, Hungary and Russia struggled with fragmentation partly due to the lack of established procedures for royal succession, which led to power struggles and weakened central authority, unlike in England and France where clearer succession mechanisms helped maintain stronger, more unified states.

In the Late Twelfth Century, States That Had Been Formed