According to Cloward and Ohlin's differential opportunity theory, retreatist subcultures develop in stable slum neighborhoods in which a hierarchy of available criminal opportunities exists.

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Cloward and Ohlin's differential opportunity theory suggests that retreatist subcultures emerge when individuals in disorganized slums fail to achieve success through both legitimate means and the illegitimate opportunities available in their neighborhood, not because a stable hierarchy of criminal opportunities exists.

According to Cloward and Ohlin's Differential Opportunity Theory, Retreatist Subcultures