As an Independent Field, Criminology Has ______

As an independent field, criminology has ______.

A) largely disregarded the issue of ethics in research
B) long recognized the ethical codes of its parent disciplines but only recently begun to adopt its own ethical guidelines
C) long relied upon its own code of ethics, compiled by the American Society of Criminology since the early 1900s
D) long relied upon its own code of ethics, compiled by the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences since the early 1900s