For the early Chinese immigrants, the conditions of their employment (sometimes referred to as the "coolie trade" often amounted to "a new system of slavery."

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The term "coolie trade" refers to the 19th and early 20th century practice of transporting Asian laborers (notably Chinese and Indians) under conditions that were often exploitative and abusive, to work in various parts of the world. These conditions, including debt bondage, harsh treatment, and extremely low wages, have led historians and scholars to describe it as akin to a new system of slavery.

For the Early Chinese Immigrants, the Conditions of Their Employment