Mower's Two-Factor Theory of Avoidance Proposes That

Mower's two-factor theory of avoidance proposes that

A) Pavlovian and instrumental conditioning take place simultaneously; a species-specific defense reaction results when the Pavlovian contingency is learned first, and a more arbitrary, researcher-selected response results when the instrumental contingency is learned first.
B) subjects must first experience the outcome and determine its aversive value before the removal of the aversive outcome will support the learning of an instrumental response.
C) subjects first learn an instrumental response that prevents the aversive S^D and then learn a Pavlovian contingency that serves to produce the motivation for long-term avoidance responding.
D) subjects first learn a Pavlovian association between a signal and the stimulus to be avoided, which then provides a mechanism for reinforcing the instrumental avoidance response.