Punishment involves suppression of behavior by presenting aversive stimuli contingent on performing the behavior. Because so many natural responses to aversive stimuli involve suppression,
A) truly associating the response with the reinforcer is impossible; associating the stimuli near where the behavior occurs is what is responsible for the suppression.
B) simply observing suppression of the target behavior implies an R-O association.
C) S-O, but not R-O, associations are responsible for punishment.
D) S-O associations can explain a great number of the effects punishment, but R-O associations also can contribute.

Question

Quizplus · Accepted Answer

Punishment can lead to suppression of behavior through the association of stimuli (S) with outcomes (O), known as S-O associations. However, the response (R) to the outcome (O) association, or R-O, can also contribute to understanding how punishment works. This means that both the environment/context (S-O) and the behavior's consequences (R-O) play roles in the effectiveness of punishment.

Punishment Involves Suppression of Behavior by Presenting Aversive Stimuli Contingent