Question 1

Which of the following is true of youths' criminal behavior and gang membership?

Accepted Answer

Youth are likely to become more actively involved in delinquent activity and exhibit elevated levels of delinquency during times of active involvement with a gang.

Question 2

According to research studies, which of the following has NOT been found to be associated with gang involvement?

Accepted Answer

Gang involvement is often associated with a range of negative outcomes, including increased likelihood of engaging in criminal activities and poorer educational achievements. However, it is not accurate to say that gang members are less likely to suffer from mental health issues; in fact, the stress and violence associated with gang life can exacerbate mental health problems. Additionally, the claim that gang members achieve greater long-term economic success is misleading, as involvement in gangs often leads to cycles of poverty and incarceration, hindering long-term economic prospects.

Question 3

Which of the following school-related variables have been associated with gang involvement?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following school-related variables have...

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT true of the developmental gang theory?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is NOT true...

Question 5

Which subset(s) of gang members is/are most likely to experience higher than average rates of mental health problems?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which subset(s) of gang members is/are most...

Question 6

The age-crime curve that explains onset of and desistance from criminal behavior does not apply to gang activity.

Accepted Answer

The age-crime curve, which shows that criminal activity tends to peak in late adolescence and then decline, applies to gang activity as well. Gang members typically exhibit a similar pattern of increasing involvement in crime during their teenage years followed by a decline as they grow older.

Question 7

Several longitudinal studies reveal no association between gang involvement and escalation of delinquency.

Accepted Answer

Longitudinal studies often show a strong association between gang involvement and an escalation of delinquent behaviors, indicating that individuals who join gangs are more likely to increase their involvement in criminal activities over time.

Question 8

In Loeber and colleagues' (2010) pathways model, all youth starting in the authority-conflict pathway will subsequently enter the covert pathway.

Accepted Answer

Loeber and colleagues' pathways model suggests that youth may follow different developmental pathways (authority conflict, covert, and overt pathways) to serious delinquent behavior, but it does not state that all youth starting in one pathway will necessarily enter another specific pathway.

Question 9

Each pathway in Loeber and colleagues' (2010) pathways model contains multiple stages of delinquency and/or criminal behavior.

Accepted Answer

Loeber and colleagues' pathways model outlines a progression through various stages of delinquent and criminal behavior, suggesting that individuals may escalate through more serious offenses over time.

Question 10

Developmental theories are unique for their attention to group processes and group offending.

Accepted Answer

Developmental theories primarily focus on individual development and factors influencing a person's behavior over time, rather than on group processes and group offending, which are more directly addressed by other theories such as social learning theory or subcultural theories.

Question 11

Peterson and Panfil (2017)'s foundation for a developmental theory of female gang membership highlights the need for understanding of females' gendered experiences of gang involvement as distinct from males'.

Accepted Answer

Peterson and Panfil (2017) indeed emphasize the importance of recognizing the unique gendered experiences of females in gangs, suggesting that these experiences are distinct from those of their male counterparts, thereby advocating for a developmental theory that specifically addresses female gang membership.

Question 12

Contemporary research has confirmed Thrasher's (1927) assertions that joining gangs is a natural process.

Accepted Answer

Contemporary research suggests that joining gangs is influenced by various social, economic, and environmental factors, rather than being a natural process.

Question 13

One possible motivation for a youth to join a gang is for instrumental purposes.

Accepted Answer

Instrumental purposes refer to practical or utilitarian reasons, such as seeking protection, financial gain, or access to resources, which are common motivations for youths joining gangs.

Question 14

"Cyberbanging" refers to gang members' use of the Internet as a venue for gang-related activity.

Accepted Answer

Cyberbanging is the term used to describe gang members' use of the Internet to engage in activities related to their gang, including communication, recruitment, and the promotion of their gang lifestyle.

Question 15

Some characteristics of modern-day schools, including zero-tolerance policies, may increase gang activity in schools by eroding student-teacher bonds.

Accepted Answer

Zero-tolerance policies can create an environment of mistrust and alienation between students and teachers, potentially pushing marginalized students towards gang affiliations as they seek a sense of belonging and protection that they feel is lacking in the school environment.

Question 16

Gang members have a relatively low risk of victimization.

Accepted Answer

Gang members have a relatively high risk of victimization due to their involvement in criminal activities, rivalries, and violent lifestyles, which expose them to greater danger compared to the general population.

Question 17

What is "cyberbanging"? Select and explain one of the five purposes Patton and his colleagues (2013) proposed for its increased use.

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is "cyberbanging"? Select and explain one...

Question 18

What is the key distinction between Loeber and colleagues' developmental delinquency pathway model and Howell and Egley's developmental gang membership theory?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is the key distinction between Loeber...

Question 19

How are macro-level and micro-level theories of delinquency and gang development linked? Be sure to provide examples of at least two theories that link the two levels of theorizing, and implications for empirical testing.

Accepted Answer

The answer of How are macro-level and micro-level theories of...

Quiz 5: Micro-Level Theories: Developmental Life Course Pathways and Other Micro-Level Explanations for Gang Involvement