Discordant Findings About the Effects of Key Social Disorganization Variables

Discordant findings about the effects of key social disorganization variables on gang and non-gang violence have been attributed to all of the following EXCEPT ______

A) different areas use different definitions for gang activity
B) data have been collected using geographic units that are too large
C) long-term gang wars in some areas have uniquely shaped violence patterns
D) cities and communities have their own histories, and those may affect social processes that affect delinquency differently