In addition to empirical association, what are the two other criteria needed to assess a cause-and-effect relationship between a dependent and an independent variable?
A) measurement level and p value
B) effect size and value
C) confidence limits and standard error
D) mechanism and nonspuriousness

Question

Quizplus · Accepted Answer

Mechanism and nonspuriousness are essential criteria for establishing a cause-and-effect relationship. A mechanism explains how the independent variable affects the dependent variable, while nonspuriousness ensures that the observed relationship is not due to some other variable.

In Addition to Empirical Association, What Are the Two Other