It is probable that the Twelve Tribes of the Dispersion in the address of James is used literally of the Jewish Christians as distinct from Gentile Christians.

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The address of James is to "the twelve tribes which are scattered abroad" (James 1:1). This is a reference to the twelve tribes of Israel, which were dispersed after the Babylonian exile. The fact that James addresses his letter to the "twelve tribes" suggests that he is writing to Jewish Christians, as distinct from Gentile Christians.

It Is Probable That the Twelve Tribes of the Dispersion