According to the Doctrine of __________, __________ Is Not One

According to the doctrine of __________, __________ is not one of the four "tests" that an action must pass to be judged morally permissible.

A) bad effect; the action itself must be morally permissible
B) causation; the end does not justify the means
C) double effect; the end justifies the means
D) good effect; the bad effect can be foreseen but never intended