Secret societies called ______ contested the control and leadership of the merchant-led huiguan as well as clan associations present in Chinatown.

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Tongs were secret societies or fraternal organizations that emerged within Chinese immigrant communities, particularly in Chinatowns in the United States. They were often involved in various activities, including some that contested the control and leadership of the more formal, merchant-led huiguan (guilds or benevolent associations) as well as clan associations.

Secret Societies Called ______ Contested the Control and Leadership of the Merchant-Led