The theory that increased hormone levels (i.e., testosterone) are associated with criminal behavior suffers from the following problem:

Question

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The theory that links increased hormone levels, such as testosterone, to criminal behavior faces the issue of direction of causality. This means it is unclear whether increased hormone levels cause criminal behavior or if engaging in criminal behavior leads to increased hormone levels. This ambiguity challenges the theory's ability to definitively explain the relationship between hormones and criminal behavior.

The Theory That Increased Hormone Levels (I