Causality can be established when concomitant variation, temporal sequencing, and the elimination of other rival causal factors are all satisfied.

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Causality can be established when there is concomitant variation (a change in one variable is associated with a change in another), temporal sequencing (the cause precedes the effect in time), and when other potential causes have been eliminated, indicating a strong likelihood that the observed relationship is indeed causal.

Causality Can Be Established When Concomitant Variation, Temporal Sequencing, and the Elimination