How might Skillen's account that understands racism as an output-drive concept in terms of its harmful effects explain Garcia's hypothetical case of an alien government who hates Earthlings and launches missiles at Africa?
A) The alien government launching missiles at Africa would count as racist because it intends to hurt members of a particular race.
B) The alien government launching missiles at Africa would not count as racist because only humans can be racist.
C) The alien government launching missiles at Africa would not count as racist because aliens would not understand the concept of races, which is an idea constructed by humans.
D) The alien government launching missiles at Africa would count as racist because the effects of its action disproportionately harm black people.

Question

Quizplus · Accepted Answer

Skillen's output-driven concept of racism focuses on the harmful effects of actions rather than the intentions behind them. Therefore, if the alien government's actions disproportionately harm black people, it would be considered racist under this framework, regardless of the aliens' understanding of human racial constructs.

How Might Skillen's Account That Understands Racism as an Output-Drive