The history effect is a source of causal invalidity when events outside of the study influence posttest scores.
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Q16: The effect that can occur when external
Q17: A quasi-experimental design consisting of several pretest
Q18: Despite their obvious strengths, _ are rarely
Q19: Correlation proves causation.
Q20: Identifying causes and figuring out why things
Q21: Experimental designs do not consider causal validity
Q22: Nonequivalent control group design is the most
Q24: David Willer and Henry
Q25: When researchers do not know whether some
Q26: A causal effect identifies common influences on
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