Of these psychosocial factors,which has the least negative effect on the health of the mother and/or fetus?
A) Moderate coffee consumption
B) Moderate alcohol consumption
C) Cigarette smoke
D) Emotional distress

Question

Quizplus · Accepted Answer

Birth defects in humans have not been related to caffeine consumption.Pregnant women who consume more than 300 mg of caffeine daily may be at increased risk for miscarriage or IUGR.Although the exact effects of alcohol in pregnancy have not been quantified,it exerts adverse effects on the fetus including fetal alcohol syndrome,fetal alcohol effects,learning disabilities,and hyperactivity.A strong,consistent,causal relation has been established between maternal smoking and reduced birth weight.Childbearing triggers profound and complex physiologic and psychologic changes on the mother.Evidence suggests a relationship between emotional distress and birth complications.

Of These Psychosocial Factors,which Has the Least Negative Effect on the Health