The scholar Thomas Craemer has calculated the hours worked by enslaved black men, women, and children from 1776 (the Declaration of Independence) to 1865 (the official end to slavery). He estimated that the cost of reparations for this largely uncompensated labor would be in the range of $500 million to $1 billion.

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Thomas Craemer's calculations for the cost of reparations for the labor of enslaved black men, women, and children from 1776 to 1865 actually estimate the value to be much higher, in the range of $5.9 trillion to $14.2 trillion, not $500 million to $1 billion.

The Scholar Thomas Craemer Has Calculated the Hours Worked by Enslaved