Cohen's theory contends that lower-class boys often experience status frustration as a result of failure in school, join delinquent gangs, and develop values and norms in opposition to middle-class society. This latter process is called:

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Cohen's theory describes the development of oppositional values and norms as a reaction formation, where lower-class boys, facing status frustration due to their inability to succeed in a middle-class dominated school system, adopt behaviors and attitudes that are in direct opposition to those valued by the middle class.

Cohen's Theory Contends That Lower-Class Boys Often Experience Status Frustration