The "spectrum-based theory of enterprise," applied to organized crime:

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The spectrum-based theory of enterprise views organized crime as an alternative way of conducting illegal business, much like legitimate enterprises. It emphasizes the business-like structure and operations of criminal organizations, including a division of labor and specialization, hierarchical leadership, and a focus on profitability. This theory does not place emphasis on ethnicity, political ties, or family-based structures of organized crime.

The "Spectrum-Based Theory of Enterprise," Applied to Organized Crime