If I am looking at the effect of traffic on aggression and I conclude that high volume traffic is related to aggressive driving, I may be ignoring information (such as the likelihood that on hot days people are more aggressive) because I cannot control for those variables. This is an example of a:

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This is an example of a confounding effect, where an external variable (hot days leading to more aggression) might be influencing the observed relationship between traffic volume and aggressive driving, but is not accounted for in the analysis.

If I Am Looking at the Effect of Traffic on Aggression