Carol Gilligan demonstrated the connection between lower self-esteem among girls and the attitudes that parents and teachers had about gender differences.

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Carol Gilligan's research on moral development in girls showed that lower self-esteem was linked to the messages they received about gender from parents and teachers. Specifically, she found that girls were often encouraged to prioritize relationships over individual achievement and were punished for expressing assertiveness or independence, leading to a lack of confidence and lower self-esteem compared to boys.

Carol Gilligan Demonstrated the Connection Between Lower Self-Esteem Among Girls