When opioids (e.g.,morphine,meperidine)are administered via patient-controlled analgesia (PCA),a low dose of ____ can be administered along with the opioid to reduce the amount of opioid needed to produce an adequate analgesic effect.

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Low doses of NSAIDs, general anesthetics like ketamine, and antipsychotics such as droperidol can all be used alongside opioids in PCA to enhance analgesia and reduce the required opioid dose. This multimodal approach helps in managing pain effectively while minimizing opioid-related side effects.

When Opioids (E