According to Wilem Bonger and other Marxists, under capitalism, the lower strata of the society, who have become immobilized by hopelessness and a sense of political futility, are referred to as the:

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The term used to describe the lower strata of society that have become immobilized by hopelessness and a sense of political futility under capitalism is the "lumpenproletariat." This term was popularized by Marxist sociologist Willem Bonger and refers to individuals who lack class consciousness and are therefore unable to unite and engage in collective action to improve their situation.

According to Wilem Bonger and Other Marxists, Under Capitalism, the Lower