The Term Shadow Welfare State Refers to

The term shadow welfare state refers to

A) the government benefits that people obtain by fraudulently claiming eligibility for programs for which they would not otherwise qualify.
B) the federally subsidized social benefits that private employers offer to their workers.
C) social benefits that are provided by private individuals rather than by government agencies.
D) social benefits that state and local governments provide without including the costs in their official budgets.