The goals of those who offer infant industry and national defense as arguments for tariffs and quota protection might be more efficiently achieved through the use of

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Direct subsidies can be targeted towards specific industries, including those involved in infant industry and national defense, to help them compete with foreign imports. This can be more efficient than using tariffs or quotas, which may result in higher prices for consumers and can also provoke retaliation from trading partners. Direct subsidies can also be more transparent and targeted, whereas tariffs and quotas can be subject to corruption and rent-seeking behavior.

The Goals of Those Who Offer Infant Industry and National