Even though we cannot achieve random assignment to various demographic categories (e.g., we cannot randomly assign some participants to be male and some to be female), is there ever a situation where we would be able to make causal inferences about a demographic characteristic (e.g., sex, race/ethnicity, age, marital status, political orientation)? Why or why not? What would that situation be? What if you collected qualitative data, wherein many respondents spontaneously reported that they held a certain attitude because they were male [female] - could we conclude there is a causal relationship in that example?

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The Answer of Even though we cannot achieve random assignment to various demographic categories (e.g., we cannot randomly assign some participants to be male and some to be female), is there ever a situation where we would be able to make causal inferences about a demographic characteristic (e.g., sex, race/ethnicity, age, marital status, political orientation)? Why or why not? What would that situation be? What if you collected qualitative data, wherein many respondents spontaneously reported that they held a certain attitude because they were male [female] - could we conclude there is a causal relationship in that example?

Even Though We Cannot Achieve Random Assignment to Various Demographic