The idea that researchers themselves can sometimes unintentionally influence results simply by having preconceived expectations about the study, or by giving subtle cues to participants, is a variant of what threat to internal validity?
A) selection
B) instrumentation
C) testing
D) history

Question

Quizplus · Accepted Answer

This threat is called the "experimenter bias," which is a form of instrumentation error. It occurs when researchers, either consciously or unconsciously, manipulate the study conditions or provide subtle cues that influence the participants' responses. This can lead to inaccurate or biased results.

The Idea That Researchers Themselves Can Sometimes Unintentionally Influence Results