Moral goodness under the ethical theory of deontology may be identified:

Question

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Moral goodness under the ethical theory of deontology is not primarily concerned with the outcomes or consequences of actions, as in consequentialist theories like utilitarianism, which focus on achieving the greatest good for the majority. Instead, deontology, particularly as formulated by the philosopher Immanuel Kant, emphasizes the importance of duty, rules, and intentions in ethical decision-making.
Here are the options analyzed in the context of deontological ethics:
a) By calculating costs-benefits for the greatest good of the majority of human beings: This option aligns more with consequentialist theories, such as utilitarianism, rather than deontology. Deontology would not typically identify moral goodness based on a cost-benefit analysis aimed at the greatest good for the majority.
b) By universal man-made rules that posit the correct actions that achieve the greatest good: This option is closer to the deontological perspective, as it mentions universal rules. However, the phrase "that achieve the greatest good" again leans towards a consequentialist view. Deontology would focus on the inherent rightness or wrongness of actions as dictated by universal moral laws or duties, regardless of the consequences.
c) By spiritual or ultimate revelations for the greatest good of God: While deontology can be compatible with religious beliefs, it does not necessarily rely on spiritual or divine revelations. Deontological ethics can be secular and based on rational principles that are accessible to all individuals, regardless of their religious beliefs.
d) By one's being/character and appropriate excellent character to achieve the greatest good: This option seems to refer to virtue ethics, which focuses on the character and virtues of the moral agent rather than on rules or consequences. While character is important in deontology, it is not the primary means by which moral goodness is identified.
The most accurate answer in the context of deontological ethics is:
b) By universal man-made rules that posit the correct actions.
However, to be fully aligned with deontological ethics, the phrase should be revised to remove the consequentialist element of achieving the greatest good. A more precise formulation would be:
b) By universal man-made rules that posit the correct actions based on moral duties and principles.
In deontology, moral goodness is identified by adherence to these universal moral laws and duties, which are to be followed regardless of the outcomes. The rightness of an action is determined by whether it aligns with these moral duties, not by the consequences it produces.

Moral Goodness Under the Ethical Theory of Deontology May Be