Psychodynamic theories see paraphilias as a defense against ______.

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According to psychodynamic theory, paraphilias are a defense mechanism against castration anxiety, which is a fear of losing one's genitals as punishment for forbidden sexual desires. This anxiety is often rooted in the unconscious desires and conflicts related to sexual development during the phallic stage of psychosexual development. Paraphilias are seen as a way to normalize and control those desires and anxieties.

Psychodynamic Theories See Paraphilias as a Defense Against ______