Five-year-old Elena can tie her shoes,but she needs her mother's help to untie them.She also needs her mother's help to button her sweater.Vygotsky would suggest that this situation illustrates Elena's

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Elena's ability to tie her shoes on her own shows that she has already mastered that skill, but her need for help to untie them and button her sweater suggests that she requires assistance in more complex tasks. This demonstrates her zone of proximal development, the range of abilities that a child can perform with the guidance and support of a more knowledgeable person, in this case, her mother. Vygotsky believed that learning occurs within this zone and that social interaction and guidance are necessary for cognitive development.

Five-Year-Old Elena Can Tie Her Shoes,but She Needs Her Mother's