Which of the following services essentially defines the role of Fourth-party logistics providers (4PL)?

Question

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Fourth-party logistics providers (4PL) essentially define their role as overseeing clients' logistics activities on both the supply and demand sides of the business while outsourcing the physical operations. They serve as a strategic partner in managing the end-to-end supply chain for their clients, providing expertise in areas such as transportation management, inventory optimization, and network design. This differs from traditional third-party logistics providers (3PL) who primarily focus on physical logistics operations such as freight consolidation and distribution, cross-docking, and shipment management. Freight bill payment, auditing, and production packaging are also services offered by 3PLs but not defining their role.

Which of the Following Services Essentially Defines the Role of Fourth-Party