Patients who have great difficulty in reading nonwords, considerable difficulty in reading grammatical function words, make visual and derivational errors, semantic reading errors or semantic paralexias, and produce words related in meaning to the target instead of the target, have:

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The symptoms described are characteristic of deep dyslexia, which is a reading disorder caused by damage to the brain. Specifically, it involves difficulty with reading nonwords (a symptom known as "phonological dyslexia"), as well as semantic errors, which involve substituting words that are semantically related to the target word (e.g. saying "car" instead of "truck"). Surface dyslexia and surface anomias both involve difficulty with reading or recognizing common words, but they do not typically involve the types of errors described here. Principal syndrome and deep anomias are not recognized terms in the field of neuropsychology.

Patients Who Have Great Difficulty in Reading Nonwords, Considerable Difficulty