Beccaria's philosophy, which is spelled out in his book, On Crimes and Punishment, was that:

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Beccaria's philosophy is based on the idea that people are rational and therefore will only commit crimes if they think the benefits outweigh the costs. He believed that punishments should be proportionate to the crime and should focus on deterrence rather than retribution. This is in contrast to option A and D, which suggest harsher punishments as a means of deterrence, and option B, which suggests exempting individuals from punishment based on their mental health.

Beccaria's Philosophy, Which Is Spelled Out in His Book, on Crimes