What enable the kidneys to produce urine of varying concentrations and volumes depending on the body's needs? A)the Na⁺-K⁺ ATPase pump and cotransport carriers B)the juxtaglomerular apparatus and vasa recta C) the podocytes and peritubular capillaries D) the medullary vertical osmotic gradient and vasopressin

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The medullary vertical osmotic gradient, created by the loop of Henle and vasa recta, and vasopressin (also known as antidiuretic hormone or ADH) enable the kidneys to produce urine of varying concentrations and volumes depending on the body's needs. Vasopressin controls water reabsorption in the collecting ducts, while the medullary gradient allows for concentration and dilution of urine as needed.

What Enable the Kidneys to Produce Urine of Varying Concentrations