At the preconventional level of moral development, which of the following motivate(s) behavior?

Question

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At the preconventional level of moral development, behavior is motivated by self-interest. This means that individuals make choices based on what will benefit them personally or will help them avoid punishment. The other options (living up to expectations of acceptable behavior defined by others, universal principles of right and wrong, personality) are more applicable to higher levels of moral development.

At the Preconventional Level of Moral Development, Which of the Following