Question 1

Define social facilitation, observational learning, and emulation. How do these different types of learning mechanisms play a role in shaping human culture?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Define social facilitation, observational learning, and emulation....

Question 2

When chimpanzees are shown a specific behavior, they typically

Accepted Answer

Chimpanzees tend to emulate rather than imitate, meaning they focus on the components of a behavior that are relevant to achieving a desired outcome, rather than copying every detail exactly.

Question 3

How does culture differ between human and nonhuman primates? How is it similar?

Accepted Answer

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Question 4

The Yurok

Accepted Answer

The Yurok people constructed weirs to harvest salmon, which required the labor of hundreds of men from different villages. This was an important part of their livelihood and a significant cultural practice. They did not build pyramids or snow houses, nor did they raise and herd cattle.

Question 5

Why can cultural inheritance lead to outcomes not predicted by evolutionary theory?

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Question 6

Imagine you are a European explorer living in nineteenth-century Europe and you decide to embark on an expedition to explore the Arctic. Based on historical evidence, how likely are you to survive this journey and why?

Accepted Answer

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Question 7

Which of the following is a typical outcome of the dictator game?

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that proposers typically allocate 20% to 30% of their endowments to the other players in the dictator game. This indicates that while they show some degree of generosity, they also tend to retain a significant portion of their endowment for themselves.

Question 8

Compared with genetic evolution, cultural evolution

Accepted Answer

Cultural evolution can occur much faster than genetic evolution because it can be passed on from individual to individual and can accumulate within a single generation. Genetic evolution, on the other hand, can take many generations to produce significant changes. Therefore, cultural evolution is faster than genetic evolution.

Question 9

In what ways is human cooperation different from that of other mammal species?

Accepted Answer

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Question 10

The Turkana

Accepted Answer

The Turkana are pastoralists, who rely on livestock herding for their livelihood. They do not practice farming and do not have permanent settlements. However, the Turkana have a history of conflict with neighboring tribes and engage in frequent warfare. They do not have a hierarchical political system with a king.

Question 11

What do game theory scenarios illustrate about the nature of human cooperation? Include in your answer a discussion of the dictator game and the ultimatum game.

Accepted Answer

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Question 12

Members of the Franklin Expedition of 1846

Accepted Answer

The Franklin Expedition perished because they were unable to adapt to the harsh Arctic environment, lacking the necessary skills and knowledge to survive.

Question 13

Emulation occurs when individuals

Accepted Answer

Emulation involves understanding the goal or end state of a behavior by observing others, but not necessarily replicating the exact actions that led to that outcome.

Question 14

Chimpanzees and capuchins likely lack complex cultural repertoires for the all the following reasons EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

The statement "individuals are unable to imitate behaviors" is untrue. The other three options provide valid reasons for why chimpanzees and capuchins lack complex cultural repertoires.

Question 15

Large-scale cooperation can be maintained through

Accepted Answer

Large-scale cooperation can effectively be maintained by punishing the free-riders, promoting prosocial behavior amongst members, and enforcing moral norms by third-party arbitrators. These strategies ensure that group members perceive cooperation as the most beneficial approach, and those who opt-out are subjected to negative consequences, encouraging compliance. Therefore, all the given options are essential for maintaining large-scale cooperation.

Quiz 16: Culture Cooperation and Human Uniqueness