Which of the following is not a necessary element of promissory estoppel?
A) The promisor and the promisee must engage in a bargained-for exchange.
B) The promisor must intend or should reasonably expect that the promisee will rely on the promise.
C) The promisee must in fact rely on the promise in some definite and substantial manner.
D) Enforcement of the promise is the only way to avoid injustice.

Question

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Promissory estoppel can also apply to promises that are not part of a bargained-for exchange, such as gratuitous promises. However, the other elements listed (promisor's intent/expectation of reliance, actual reliance, and requirement of enforcement to avoid injustice) are all necessary for promissory estoppel to apply.

Which of the Following Is Not a Necessary Element of Promissory