Which is not one of the three solutions to the "prisoner's dilemma" determined by social scientists?

Question

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Raising the stakes of the "game" may increase the incentive to defect, making cooperation less likely. The three solutions that have been determined by social scientists are: A) A formal agreement to cooperate, B) Communication to establish trust and encourage cooperation, and C) Repetition of the game with ongoing cooperation leading to higher payoffs for both parties.

Which Is Not One of the Three Solutions to the "Prisoner's