How Is the Io Plasma Torus Formed

How is the Io plasma torus formed?

A) Io's motion through Jupiter's magnetosphere creates currents of electrons and charged particles in a loop between Io and Jupiter's north and south magnetic poles.
B) Io disturbs Jupiter's magnetosphere, causing magnetospheric-charged particles to collect in a ring around Io's orbit.
C) Charged particles from Jupiter's magnetosphere ionize and eject atoms from Io's surface and from its volcanic plumes.
D) Io's volcanic plumes propel neutral atoms into orbit around Jupiter, where they are then ionized by high-energy charged particles in Jupiter's magnetosphere.