European cities stagnated and declined after the fall of Rome. What factor contributed to the trade routes being re-established and the revival of commerce?

Question

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The Crusades played a significant role in the re-establishment of trade routes and the revival of commerce in European cities. The Crusaders traveled to the Holy Land and encountered the advanced trading practices of the Islamic world. This sparked an interest in trade and commerce and led to the development of new trade networks and markets. Additionally, the Crusaders brought back exotic goods from the East, stimulating demand for luxury goods in European cities.

European Cities Stagnated and Declined After the Fall of Rome