Phrenology declined in influence as an explanation of deviance because:
A) Lombroso's research proved it to be based on false assumptions
B) It was not deterministic enough
C) the intellectual community regarded it as too fatalistic
D) Gall, its leading proponent, was discovered to be incompetent as a scientist
E) it was replaced by subcultural explanations

Question

Quizplus · Accepted Answer

Phrenology was seen as too fatalistic, meaning it suggested that one's behavior and deviance were predetermined by their physical characteristics and could not be changed. This went against the idea of agency and free will, which became more valued in the intellectual community.

Phrenology Declined in Influence as an Explanation of Deviance Because