The drug-exposed infant often presents with irritability, frantic crying, and is difficult to console. Which nursing measures can be used to prevent this behavior in this high-risk infant? (Select all that apply.)

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Comfort measures that will assist in consoling this infant and prevent crying include: swaddling, providing a pacifier, slow and smooth rocking in a vertical or horizontal position, cooing, gently stroking the back, keeping the room fairly dark, and avoiding both auditory and visual stimulation. These infants are particularly sensitive to light and should be placed in a darker corner of the nursery or have the lights in their room kept low. Pacifier use will assist the baby in meeting non-nutritive sucking needs and provide a method to self soothe.

The Drug-Exposed Infant Often Presents with Irritability, Frantic Crying, and Is