Americans Often Hear the Metaphor of a "Wall of Separation

Americans often hear the metaphor of a "wall of separation between church and state" when referring to the First Amendment's right to freedom of religion. This metaphor is most attributed to which of the following?

A) in the 1960s, by the Supreme Court when it became increasingly liberal and turned on "the church"
B) in the second half of the twentieth century, when atheists began to influence Congress
C) during the Civil War, when religious groups demanded protection from government abuses
D) in 1802 by President Thomas Jefferson, based in part on his fear of a national and official church
E) several thousand years ago, as a biblically based standard