According to __________ theorists, gender bias is embedded in both the formal and the hidden curricula of schools. For many years, reading materials, classroom activities, and treatment by teachers and peers contributed to a feeling among many girls and young women that they were less important than male students.

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Conflict theorists emphasize power imbalances and unequal distributions of resources in society. They view gender bias as a result of the dominant group (men) using their power to maintain their status and oppress the subordinate group (women). Conflict theorists argue that gender bias is not only present in the formal curriculum (such as textbooks and lesson plans) but also in the hidden curriculum (such as teacher attitudes and classroom dynamics). This bias can create a sense of inferiority in girls and young women, leading to lower self-esteem and academic achievement.

According to __________ Theorists, Gender Bias Is Embedded in Both