Based on sociologist Ferdinand Tonnies' theory, many industrial cities were characterized as being __________, which is a society exhibiting impersonal and specialized relationships with little long-term commitment to the group or consensus on values. Even neighbors are "strangers" who perceive that they have little in common with one another.

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Tonnies' theory contrasted Gesellschaft, characterized by impersonal relationships, with Gemeinschaft, which was a society based on strong, personal ties and a shared sense of identity. Industrial cities were often seen as emblematic of Gesellschaft due to their specialization, fragmented social structure, and transient populations. This stands in contrast to smaller, rural communities, which were often seen as exemplars of Gemeinschaft.

Based on Sociologist Ferdinand Tonnies' Theory, Many Industrial Cities Were