The rise of cartel parties has led to

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The rise of cartel parties, which are political parties that cooperate with each other to maintain their dominant position in the political system, has led to the decline of party responsiveness to their core constituencies, as cartel parties prioritize their own interests over the interests of their voters. Cartel parties also rely heavily on state resources for financial support, which can undermine their independence and make them more beholden to the government. As cartel parties become more alike in their policy positions and campaign strategies, voters may perceive them as interchangeable and become less likely to turn out to vote. Therefore, all of the above statements are true.

The Rise of Cartel Parties Has Led to