Elections Based on a Plurality System Discourage New Parties from Forming

 Elections based on a plurality system discourage new parties from forming because 

A)  a plurality system discourages patronage and reduces voter interest in joining a party. 
B)  a plurality system requires parties to form alliances with other parties to win elections. 
C)  under this winner-take-all system, no incentive is given for finishing second (or lower) . 
D)  a plurality system requires each party to be as narrowly based as possible, leaving little room for new parties. 
E)  a plurality system gives an advantage to savvy political unknowns who can grab the media spotlight.