Which of the following is an example of how the innate immune response stimulates or modifies adaptive immunity?
A)Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) secreted by helper T cells enhances adhesion molecules on endothelial cells and promotes recruitment of inflammatory cells.
B)Interferon (IFN)-ƴ produced by T helper cells is a potent activator of macrophages, allowing killing of phagocytosed microbes.
C)B7-1 expression on antigen-presenting cells is up-regulated in response to signaling through Toll-like receptors, thus enabling costimulation of T cells.
D)Infected cells coated by IgG3 are recognized by Fc receptors on natural killer cells, allowing efficient killing of the infected cells.
E)Double-stranded RNA of replicating viruses potently stimulates IFN-β expression by fibroblasts, inducing an "antiviral state" in neighboring, uninfected cells.

Question

Quizplus · Accepted Answer

Innate immune responses are important stimulators of adaptive immunity. Increased expression of B7-1 and B7-2 on antigen-presenting cells after microbial activation of Toll-like receptors (innate immunity) is critical in providing costimulatory signals for T cell activation (adaptive immunity) via binding to CD28 receptors on T cells. T helper cell-mediated endothelial or macrophage activation is an example of adaptive immunity using the effector mechanisms of innate immunity. Neither IgG3 opsonization facilitating natural killer cytolytic activity nor double-stranded RNA stimulating interferon-β secretion involve innate immunity enhancing adaptive immunity.

Which of the Following Is an Example of How the Innate