By the end of the nineteenth century, the new field of psychiatry was being challenged to provide a medical cure for mental illness. Which experimental treatments were used at that time? Select all that apply.

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Since there were few medications available other than heavily alcohol-based sedatives, doctors used many experimental treatments-for example, leeching (using bloodsucking worms), spinning (tying the patient to a chair and spinning it for hours), hydrotherapy (forced baths), and insulin shock treatment (injections of large doses of insulin to produce daily comas over several weeks). ECT was not introduced until the mid-twentieth century.

By the End of the Nineteenth Century, the New Field